Предметом исследования АКРА стал рост дифференциации субъектов РФ. Уровень дохода для причисления граждан к среднему классу существенно отличается в разных регионах. В Москве требуется заработать в месяц более 120000 рублей. В Санкт-Петербурге, уральском, дальневосточном и северных регионах достаточно получать от 72000 до 97000 рублей, в других субъектах РФ – 60000-72000 рублей.
Критерии определения среднего класса
Применяются разные подходы к определению категории «средний класс». Аналитики АКРА важным критерием считают проявление экономической активности граждан. На прошедшей конференции эксперт Елена Анисимова отметила ведущую роль среднего класса в сохранении стабильного социально-политического положения в стране, стимуляции создания высокотехнологичных производств и предпринимательских инициатив. Достаточная покупательская способность людей со средними доходами порождает устойчивый спрос на качественную продукцию. Производители получают повышенную прибыль, уплачивают налоги и значительно пополняют доходную часть бюджета страны.
Эксперты считают приемлемыми доходы, размер которых позволяет:
• оплачивать текущие счета;
• покупать предметы первой необходимости;
• приобретать товары длительного пользования;
• выезжать на отдых, в том числе за границу;
• откладывать сбережения;
• оплачивать ипотеку или автокредит либо приобрести автомобиль, недвижимость за счет собственных ресурсов.
Представители среднего класса получили высшее образование. Обычно это работники умственного труда и предприниматели.
Лилия Овчарова (представитель НИУ ВШЭ) наряду с величиной доходов подчеркивает наличие профессиональных компетенций, запросы на карьерный рост, способность инвестировать в собственное развитие (образование, здравоохранение).
Расчет размера доходов
Специалисты провели анализ цен на недвижимость, автомобили, услуги ЖКХ, потребительские товары в разных субъектах РФ. Результаты исследований послужили основой расчета размера доходов для вхождения в средний класс. Отмечена высокая стоимость товаров и услуг при одновременном повышенном размере зарплат работников Москвы и добывающих регионов.
Согласно исследованиям Росстата, в 2017 г. средняя зарплата в России превысила 39000, в 1 квартале 2018 г. – 41400 рублей.
Наблюдается 15-кратный разрыв зарплаты между 10% низкооплачиваемых и 10% высокооплачиваемых категорий работников. НИУ ВШЭ проводит мониторинг показателей официального и неформального секторов экономики. С учетом неформальных секторов уровень дифференциации повышается приблизительно в 26 раз.
Рост числа граждан с доходами на уровне среднего класса в Москве и области, Санкт-Петербурге и добывающих округах составил 2-3%, в других субъектах – всего десятые доли процента. Тренд увеличения дифференциации средних зарплат работников сохраняется на протяжении 8 лет.
Структура расходов
Основные расходы россиян включают затраты на приобретение автомобилей (до 32%) и товаров повседневного спроса (до 20%). Характерные для представителей среднего класса инвестиционные затраты, приобретение недвижимости и предметов длительного пользования входят в структуру расходов столичных жителей. Во всех остальных округах доля затрат на питание, оплату счетов и машину является преобладающей. Однако ситуация, когда среднего дохода хватает исключительно на текущее потребление и транспортное средство, свидетельствует о недостаточном развитии регионов.
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